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Xerochrysum bracteatum
''Xerochrysum bracteatum'', commonly known as the golden everlasting or strawflower, is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to Australia. Described by Étienne Pierre Ventenat in 1803, it was known as ''Helichrysum bracteatum'' for many years before being transferred to a new genus ''Xerochrysum'' in 1990. It grows as a woody or herbaceous perennial or annual shrub up to a metre (3 ft) tall with green or grey leafy foliage. Golden yellow or white flower heads are produced from spring to autumn; their distinctive feature is the papery bracts that resemble petals. The species is widespread, growing in a variety of habitats across the country, from rainforest margins to deserts and subalpine areas. The golden everlasting serves as food for various larvae of lepidopterans (butterflies and moths), and adult butterflies, hoverflies, native bees, small beetles, and grasshoppers visit the flower heads.
The golden everlasting has proven very adaptable to cultivation. It was propagated and developed in Germany in the 1850s, and annual cultivars in a host of colour forms from white to bronze to purple flowers became available. Many of these are still sold in mixed seed packs. In Australia, many cultivars are perennial shrubs, which have become popular garden plants. Sturdier, long-stemmed forms are used commercially in the cut flower industry.
==Taxonomy==
French botanist Étienne Pierre Ventenat described the golden everlasting as ''Xeranthemum bracteatum'' in his 1803 work ''Jardin de Malmaison'',〔 Retrieved 21 March 2012.〕 a book commissioned by Napoleon's first wife Joséphine de Beauharnais to catalogue rare plants that she had collected and grown at the Château de Malmaison. The Latin species name ''bracteatum'' refers to the papery bracts (often mistakenly called petals) of the flower heads. Henry Charles Andrews transferred it to the genus ''Helichrysum'' based on the morphology of its receptacle in 1805,〔 Retrieved 21 March 2012.〕 and it was known as ''Helichrysum bracteatum'' for many years. Leo Henckel von Donnersmarck described it as ''Helichrysum lucidum'' in 1806, and Christiaan Hendrik Persoon as ''Helichrysum chrysanthum'' in 1807. It was given the name ''Bracteantha bracteata'' in 1991,〔 Retrieved 21 March 2012.〕 when Arne Anderberg and Laurie Haegi placed the members that are known as strawflowers of the large genus ''Helichrysum'' into a new genus ''Bracteantha'', and designated ''B. bracteata'' as the type species. However, they were unaware that Russian botanist Nikolai Tzvelev had already placed ''X. bracteatum'' in the new, and at the time monotypic, genus ''Xerochrysum'' the previous year. This name was derived from the Greek words ''xeros'' "dry", and ''chrysum'' "golden", likely relating to the nature of the distinctive bracts. Confusion existed for a decade, with ''Bracteantha'' appearing in literature and the horticultural trade until it was clarified in 2002 that the latter name took precedence.〔 Strawflower is the popular name for ''X. bracteatum'' in Europe, while in Australia it is known as an everlasting or paper daisy. An alternate name in 19th-century Europe was ''immortelle''. ''X. bracteatum'' itself is very variable and may represent several cryptic species.〔 Alternately, the Tasmanian species ''Xerochrysum bicolor'' may be combined with it in future taxonomic revisions.〔Australian Daisy Study Group, p. 57.〕
''X. bracteatum'' and its relatives belong to the Gnaphalieae or paper daisies, a large tribe within the daisy family, Asteraceae. However, a 2002 molecular study of the Gnaphalieae has indicated the genus ''Xerochrysum'' is probably polyphyletic, as the two species sampled, ''X. bracteatum'' and ''X. viscosum'', were not closely related to each other. ''X. bracteatum'' has been recorded hybridising with ''X. viscosum'' and ''X. papillosum'' in cultivation, and possibly also ''Coronidium elatum'' and ''C. boormanii''.〔Australian Daisy Study Group, p. 41.〕
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